Please circle the letters that precede the most
appropriate answer(s) to the question asked.
Circling more than one letter
in answering any given question will
count against you.
1. Evolution
of species on Earth
A. has stopped.
B. occurred only in the
distant past.
C. only occurred after
the Cambrian explosion.
D. has occurred throughout
Life’s history and is still under way.
E. None of the above
2.
Over MOST of its history, the climate on Earth has been:
A. about the same as it
is today.
B. considerably cooler
than it is today.
C. considerably warmer than
it is today.
D. unknown; we have no
information about earth’s climate in the past.
E. much more variable on
an annual basis.
3. A hinny
or a mule is an example of :
A.
A consequence of a
prezygotic barrier.
B.
A consequence of a
postsynaptic barrier.
C.
A consequence of a
postzygotic barrier.
D.
A consequence of
postsynaptic rigor.
E.
A wonderful and friendly four legged rodent.
F.
A consequence of spatial
isolation resulting in gametic interactions.
G. A consequence of hybrid vigor.
4. The
biological species concept (BSC) states that:
A.
species are groups of
potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively
available to all other such groups.
B.
species are groups of actually interbreeding
populations which are sometimes reproductively isolated from other such groups.
C.
species are groups of actually, or
potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated
from other such groups.
D. species are groups of actively
interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively similar
to other such groups.
E.
species are groups of potentially interbreeding subpopulations,
which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
5. The modern
polar bear species has potentially evolved from ancestral species of bears that
populated southern Alaska, but which became separated by glaciers from other bear
populations in the rest of North America.
The general term for this type of event would be called a(n):
A. allopatric speciation.
B. temporal isolation.
C. mechanical isolation.
D. sympatric speciation.
E. glacial speciation
F. sympatric
specialization
6. Consider
the phylogeny below
Species
M has green toes, while species L has red toes.
If
Species H and K have green toes, what can you conclude about the evolution of
red toes from this tree?
A.
It occurred in the common ancestor of M,
H, K and L
B.
It occurred
in the common ancestor of H, K and L
C. It occurred in the
lineage leading to L after that lineage diverged from the common
ancestor
of H and K
D. It is a monophyletic
trait.
E.
It is a paramorphic trait
7. In which phase of a
cell’s cycle is the majority of its DNA replicated ?
A. Prophase
B. Interphase
C. Anaphase
D. Prometaphase
E. Gap1 phase
F. Interkinesis
8. What is the generic “currency” of energy
for most living organisms?
A.
Oxygen
B.
Water
C.
ATP
D.
Vitamin B12
E.
OTU
F.
AMP
9. What kind of selection is occurring if both the smallest and the largest individuals contribute relatively LESS offspring to the next generation than those closer to the average height?
A. Disruptive selection
B. Stabilizing selection
C. Disruptive selection and stabilizing selection
D. Directional selection
E. Directional selection and stabilizing selection
10. Evolution -when taken to its logical conclusion- would suggest
that:
A. All living organisms
share a common heritage.
B. Shared traits always
suggest a shared heritage.
C. Mass extinction of
species is a necessary consequence of evolutionary change.
D. All
of the above.
E. A and B only.
11. Why do you think that the first organisms on
the earth might have been anaerobic?
A.
Because you don’t need a
nucleus to grow anaerobically,
B.
The first eukaryotic cells only
emerged around 2.7 billion years ago (bya),
C.
Because there was little
oxygen around at that time, ~4.2 bya.
D.
Even though 600 mya, oxygen levels in the atmosphere were considerable,
evolution of aerobic cells is more complex.
E.
Difficult to say, perhaps
because mitochondria had not evolved yet.
12. The term “carrying capacity” refers to:
A. The ability of animals
-such as pandas- to hold or carry bamboo shoots.
A.
The limits of a population
that are defined by its genetic variation.
B.
The number of genes within
a given population.
C.
The maximal population size
within a given environment.
D.
The number of obvious
phenotypic traits that arise in a population.
13. According to the
arguments detailed in the class, thus far, which of the following is NOT a cause of change in the genetic
structure of a given population?
A. Mutation
B. Gene flow
C. Genetic drift
D. Mitotic cell division
E. Natural selection
14. Which one of the
following statements distinguishes a prokaryotic cell from a eukaryotic cell?
A.
The prokaryotic cell has a
nucleus.
B.
The eukaryotic cell is
often much smaller.
C.
The prokaryotic cell has at
least one cell membrane.
D.
The prokaryotic cell is a
single celled organism.
E.
The eukaryotic cell has a
nuclear membrane.
If all statements above are true then circle “F”.
If all statements above are
not true then circle “G”
15. The average eukaryotic cell is
approximately:
A.
1.5 – 3 µm in length,
B.
1 - 5 nm in length.
C.
100-500 µm in length.
D.
1m in diameter.
E.
1mm in diameter.
Bonus: Name one eukaryote
(other than human) by
its latin name __________________ __________________, What
is it’s Genus? ___________________ 2pts
Section 1b (19 pts.)
Please answer the following questions either using short, concise answers, or by explaining why
you made appropriate changes to a figure -again using short, concise explanations.
17. (a) (4 pts) Place
the categories listed below in their correct order of hierarchy –according to Linnaean
grouping (you can go up or down –it doesn’t
matter).
Domain, Genus,
Kingdom, Order,
Phylum, Species ,
___
Domain ____ ___ Kingdom ____
____ Phylum
____ ___ Order ___
____ Genus _____ ___ Species ___
(a) (2 pts) Which
category(ies)
is (are) missing?
___Class___ ____Family___
18. Label
the different phases in the Figure below, as it relates to one of the cellular
activities mentioned in the previous question.
1.
___S -phase_____ 2.
___Cell Division /Mitosis_____ 3. ___Centromere____
(a) (3 pts) Given the available possibilities,
please correctly label the various items indicated by numbers in the above
figure (potentially up to 1pt each correct label).
(b) (2 pts) Given your knowledge of Cell division,
in which phase of Mitosis would the represented chromosome (above) be found.
A. Gap
2
B. Gap 1
C. Ataphase
D. Anaphase
E. S-Prophase
19.
Allele Frequencies, Aponymous
Frequencies, Phenotype, Equanimity,
Gene
flow, Mutualism, Genetic
Drift, Gene
Pool
Random
Drift, Non-Darwinian
Selection Genetic toolkit, Onomatoplasia,
Genetic
Frequencies Commensalism.
(a). (2 pts) The frequencies of the variant
types of genes being present in a population are called _ Allele Frequencies _
(b). (2 pts) The _ Gene Pool __ is
the sum total of genetic information in a population at any given moment. It
includes every allele at every locus in every organism within that population.
(c). (2 pts) In a small population, small
changes in the allele frequencies over time result from chance events and this is
called
__ Genetic Drift ___.
20. (2 pts) Food, Shelter, Genotype, Disease,
Predation, Genetic Drift
“Environmental limitations on a Population’s
growth include:
___ Food
_____, ___ Shelter ____, ____ Disease
______, ___ Predation ___ “
Please answer the following questions either using short, concise answers, or by explaining why
you made appropriate changes that you have to any figure -again using short, concise explanations.
2.1
(6 pts.) Compare and contrast the terms “Sympatric” and “Allopatric”
speciation events. Give an example of one.
Allopatric speciation occurs when a population of organisms becomes separated or isolated from their main group by some form of physical/geographic barrier. Over time, the allele frequency in the new group, which used to be homogenous across the individuals, becomes subject to changes via natural selection due to of pressure from differences in predators, climate, competitors and resources. eg. Polar Bears. Sympatric speciation happens in a population without any geographic isolation. eg. Hawthorne /apple fruitflies in NY
2.2. (6 pts.) In another movie that we all viewed in class, the professor suggested a number of critical events
that may have lead up to the evolution of the mammalian eye. Briefly explain/describe two of them.
Evolution of light -sensitive
cells, that developed some 3D perspective (epitomized
by a “Cup-like’
organization), followed by limiting of light access by narrowing
the “aperture”, followed by
the formation of see-through membranes over the aperture,
which can be converted into a
“lens” by addition of excess fluid.
2.3.
(6 pts.) List three quite distinct differences between “prokaryotes”
and eukaryotes.
Presence of Nucleus (Gram Negative bacteria DO
have an organelle -the periplasmic space), Major Size, Circular vs Linear
chromosome, peptidoglycan cell walls,
Singular RNA polymerases, presence vs absence of introns…
2.4a.
(3 pts.) Give one similarity between prokaryotes and eukaryotes,
which might indicate some evolutionary realtionship”
____Cell membrane, L-amino acids and
D- sugars, universal code, Central Dogma _______________
_______________________________
2.5 . (8 pts.)
In the Figure below, not knowing the fundamentals of potential evolutionary
constraints on populations,
the artist has made more than a couple of fundamental
mistakes. Having taken Biol2107,
however, with a little bit of care
and an eye for detail you are easily able to recognize these
mistakes.
So, please circle each mistake (1pt each) and then in the
space provided below
the figure explain why you circled what you did. (1 pt each).
Why?___Directional selection
misidentified__________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Why?___Stabilizing Selection
misidentified _________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Why?____Lizards in the 3rd figure
have been rearranged such that they would not give
rise to the selection described_ __________________________________________________
_____MUST EXPLAIN WHY THE
REARRANGEMENT IS SIGNIFICANT_________
________________________________________________________________________________
Why?____”genotypes” should be “phenotypes”_______________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________