Biology 2107 Spring,
2023
Test #2
Name: __________________________ Student ID: __________________
Section 1A (22 pts)
Please circle
the letters that precede the most appropriate answer to the question
asked. Be aware, there is only one
answer to each question.
1. The ABO blood groups in humans are
determined by a multiple allelic system in which IA and IB
are codominant with each other and are both dominant over iO. If an infant (whose blood type is O is born
to a type O mother, possible genotypes for the father are……(careful)?
A O or A
B A or B
C O only
D O, A or B
E A only
2. As
you know, in Labrador retrievers, the allele for a black coloured coat (B) is dominant to the allele for brown fur
coat colour (b). However, if a lab has two copies of
the "recessive allele" for a "pigment-depositing gene" (e),
it can only have yellow coloured fur. In a cross of
two doubly heterozygous black labs (BbEe x BbEe), what fraction of the next generation would one
expect to have yellow fur?
A.
3/8
B.
1/8
C.
1/16
D.
1/4
E.
5/8
3. If two genes experience independent assortment, which assumption is most likely true?
A. Crossing over between the genes does not occur
B. The two genes are located in very close proximity to each other on the same chromosome
C.
The two genes are located on different chromosomes
or are far from each other on the same chromosome
D. The two genes are located on the X chromosome
E. The expression of one gene masks the expression of the other
4. Chiasmata
are most clearly present in:
A.
Anaphase
II of Meiosis
B.
Prophase I of Meiosis
C.
Metaphase
of Mitosis
D.
G
phase 2 of Mitosis
E.
Telophase
II of Meiosis
F.
Prophase
of Mitosis
5. In the simplified version of atomic structure
-referenced in the lectures..
How
many electrons does the element Argon (one of the “inert, Noble” gases) have in
its outermost
electron
shell?
F.
1
G.
3
H.
5
I.
8
J.
7
6. Similarly, how many electrons does a chloride
ion have in its outermost electron shell?
A.
1
B.
2
C.
5
D.
8
E.
7
7. Mendel’s 2nd law states that:
A During gamete
formation the segregation of one gene pair is independent of all other gene
pairs
B Two
members of a gene pair segregate from each other into the gametes, whereby one
half of the gametes carries one of the traits, the other half carries the other
C The union of one gamete from each parent to
form a resultant zygote is random with
respect to that particular characteristic.
D When fertilization occurs, the zygote gets
one half of its chromosomal set from each parent, thus restoring the pair.
8. If
the atomic weight of sodium is 23, and the atomic weight of chlorine 35.5. When 58.5 milligrams of sodium chloride are
dissolved in a final volume of one liter of water, the solution is said to be:
A.
1
molar
B.
58.5
molar
C.
1 millimolar
D.
I cannot
tell, because I don’t know whether sodium chloride is formed between ionic or
covalent bonds
E.
23
micromolar
F.
12.5
molar
9. Which
one of the following statements is true.
A. Acids
accept H+; bases donate H+
B. If a compound increases the OH+ ion
concentration when added to water, then the compound is said to be acidic
C. All
acids dissolve fully in water
D. pH is a measure of hydrogen ion (H+)
or more correctly hydroxonium ion (H30+) concentration in
a solution
E.
The pH value is defined as the positive logarithm of hydrogen
concentration in moles per liter (molar concentration).
F. Acids,
such as hydrochloric acid, have a very HIGH pH
10. The term
“Monoecious” refers to:
G. the number of chromosomes in a cell
H. the presence of both male and female structures exhibited by the
same individual
organism
I. the
presence of only male or female structures exhibited by the same individual
organism
J. the number of membranes present in a Gram
positive bacterium
K. a
genetic unit of hereditary
11. In a suburb
of East London (England) called Lower-East Hempstead, an allele at a unique
locus on the Y chromosome of the men in this community gives rise to a
phenomenon called “blurred-vision”. Assuming that this is a closed community, which one of the
following answers would best describe the F1 generational offspring of a
“blurred-visioned” male and a phenotypically normally visioned female.
A All offspring will have blurred-vision
B Half
the offspring will have blurred-vision
C All the male
offspring would die
D Half the female
offspring would have blurred-vision, the other half
would be “carriers”
E All offspring will have normal
vision
Section 1 B (12 pts).
In the next several questions each question is worth 3 pts.
Please circle your evaluation
of the statement given. If
you believe the statement to be “False” then explain why you think so in the space provided.
Read each question carefully
!
13. With respect to proteins
the term “Tertiary structure” refers to the 3D organization of
protein subunits in
a complex protein, resulting in the final structure of a
protein, like haemoglobin.
True False
__the statement refers to
“quaternary structure” _______________________________
14.
During Mitosis microtubular spindle fibres attach to
the chromosomes through “kinetochores”.
True False
____________________________________________________________________
15. Macromolecules can be considered to be a molecule, whose molecular weight is
greater than 1,000 Daltons
True False
____________________________________________________________________
16. The
“Golgi apparatus” is an organelle in eukaryotes that modifies newly synthesized
proteins for “export” and passage around the cell
True False
____________________________________________________________________
Section 2 (50 pts) Please answer the
following questions in the space provided, using short, concise answers.
2.1.
(a) (2pts) Give an example of a disaccharide.
_______Sucrose__________________________________________________
(b) (2pts) Give an example of an amino acid or any
lipid .
_______Glutamate, Glutamine Cysteine
etc. or triglycerides, some hormones eg. testosterone, wax,_lipid
bilayers__________
(c) (6pts) Define TWO major differences and ONE similarity between proteins or
(lipids) and carbohydrates.
______CH2O, ring structure, alpha
carbon, “amino “acid” _______________________
______lipids are not really
polymers… CHO, ___VERY hydrophobobic___________________________________
______each form macromolecules …
through removal of water, contain carbon, hydrogen oxygen_
____________________________________________________________________
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2.2.
(a) (5 pts.)
Give one example of an “Extension” to Mendelian Genetics
_______
(b)
(7 pts.) Define what is meant by the term “sex-linked”
inheritance, giving an example.
In
your answer give some explanation as
to why a family tree of such a sex-linked trait would be quite different
from
that of a typical Mendelian trait.
_Far from any 1:1 or 3:1 or All
heterozygotes________________________________________
2.3. (10 pts.)
(a) (5 pts) Differentiate between
an ionic bond and a covalent bond -giving an example
of each.
___
As
opposed to sharing of electrons_____________________________________________________
NaCl
and Methane, Glucose?, Benzene?
and
EITHER
(b) (5 pts) (What is a “hydrogen
bond”? Give two examples of where you might find one.
DNA base pairs..
OR
(b) (5 pts) What molecular interactions
between what kind of entities give rise to curly hair –naturally,
or
induced by a visit to the hairdresser.
2.4. (5 pts.)
To
what does the term “Cytoplasmic inheritance” refer? In your answer, please give an example.
___Only female gamete will carry
the “extranuclear” DNA_____
2.5. (8 pts.)
Why
is water such an excellent solvent?
____________________________________________________________________
__________
__________________________________________________________
2.7(a). (2 pts.) YOU WILL NEED A CALCULATOR
What
is the Hardy Weinberg equation?
____p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 ___________________________
2.7(b). (3 pts.)
The frequency
of two alleles in a gene pool is 0.20 (A) and 0.80(a). If you
assume
that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Calculate the fraction or percentage of heterozygous individuals
in the population
PLEASE show your working out.
Heterozygous is 2pq, which equals 2 *(0.2 * 0.8 ) 2 * 0.16
=0.32 or 32%.
BONUS QUESTION (3 pts.)
Give one
example, which was given in lecture where the Hardy Weinberg principle might actually be useful in proving something, one way or the
other? Quickly explain your answer
_Effectively,
it is a “null hypothesis” for ANY analysis, eg. chromium
plant in in Hinkley Ca.
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